April 17 2008

There is a protest going on right now as we speak in Marty, South Dakota home of the Ihanktowan aka Yankton Sioux. There have been multiple arrests, including minors, as protesters seek to block front loader bulldozers from breaking ground on a new pig farm that will be occupied by thousands of pigs and their waste near a Head Start Program filled with Native children.

A man was struck by the metal scoop of the front loader (which is used to excavate tons of dirt) and was medically evacuated by ambulance. State Troopers have violated their jurisdiction by arresting protesters on a BIA controlled road which is considered Federal land and therefore off limits to State Agencies and Law Enforcement.

It was said that the arrests of the minors and others were conducted illegally by the State Police on the Federal Road and they were escorted to State Land nearby to receive their citations and were released. South Dakota Highway Patrol has informed the Officers that they are in fact in violation of their jurisdiction as this is being written and being told to stand down and not to detain anymore protesters. Dakota, Lakota and Nakota and other Native Activists including a AIM chapter are mobilizing to this spot to support and join their Indigenous Families to protect their Native children and community from this gross violation of Tribal Sovereignty and Basic Human Rights.

Excerpts from News article

Wednesday (April 16 2008) a narrow highway separated protestors in Charles Mix County from dozens of highway patrol troopers.

That's where for the second day, Yankton Sioux Tribal Members are voicing concerns about the environmental impact of a hog farm being built next to tribal land.

Protestors gathered across the street from the construction site again early Wednesday morning, and numbers steadily increased throughout the day.

More than 45 Highway Patrol troopers staged at the construction site.

Yankton Sioux Member Frank Sanchez says, "That means that this is an act of war. This is not a peaceful conflict. This is an act of war when you have this many armed militia of the state of South Dakota. This is an act of war."

Protesters say they're participating to protect their children and land and want the situation to stay peaceful. Troopers say they want the same thing.
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Corn Planter Descendent's and Biographies # 4 THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER ,CORN PLANTER b 1607 in Plymouth, Devonshire, England. d 1675 in Running Water Village, Tennessee married PRIDE Shawnee in 1630 in Shawnee Nation, Virginia. b 1615 in Shawnee Nation, Va. d 1679 in Running Water Village, Tennessee. He was buried in The Great Mound, Nikwasi, Franklin, North Carolina. # • THOMAS was well educated, but did not want to participate in the family business for other brothers and sisters were heavily involved. When but twenty years old, THOMAS departed Plymouth England bound for the lands across the sea, arriving in Jamestown Virginia late 1627. Because of his age, THOMAS could not apply for a land grant. THOMAS found a small, unoccupied cave a short distance from Jamestown. He brought many supplies with him unknowing the future, and what it would bring. He managed to live throughout the winter in the relative comfort afforded inside the naturally insulated home. By trial and error he learned many different trapping methods that first winter, and managed to process a moderate number of valuable furs. By 1630 THOMAS had taken to wife, PRIDE, a Shawnee woman about eight years younger. To their union two children were born that survived, a son named TRADER, and a daughter named PASMERE. # • Immigration: 1627, Jamestown, Virginia. Name: THOMAS CARPENTER : -- Source Publication Code: 275 Annotation: Comprehensive listing of early immigrants, in various arrangements to assist the researcher. Pages 1-189 contain passenger lists; pages 193-295 are indexes. Source Bibliography: BANKS, CHARLES EDWARD. Topographical Dictionary of 2885 English Emigrants to New England, 1620-1650. Edited, indexed and published by Elijah Ellsworth Brownell. Philadelphia: Bertram Press, 1937. 295p. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1957. Repr. 1987. • Virginia Census: 1628, Jamestown, Virginia. THOMAS CARPENTER State: VA County: Virginia Colony Township: Virginia Year: 1607 # • Virginia Land Lease: 20 Sep 1628, James City County, Virginia. Title Marshall, Robert : 10 acres within the island of James City adjoing the land of Mary Bayly, THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER. Source: Land Office Patents No. 1, 1623-1643 (v.1 & 2), p. 92 (Reel 1). Virginia State Land Office. Patents 1-42, reels 1-41. ; Publication 20 September 1628.Subject - Personal Marshall, Robert. grantee. Bayly, Mary CARPENTER, THOMAS PASMERE. # • Part of the index to the recorded copies of patents for land issued by the Secretary of the Colony serving as the colonial Land Office। The collection is housed in the Archives at the Library of Virginia. --- The "lease" granted to THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER was abandoned when Carpenter went to live with the Indians mid 1628. The lease was then passed to Robert Marshall 20 September 1628. Source of Documentation . Jamestown Records, Virginia Archives, Virginia Land Grants. # • Fur Trade - Shipping Info: 1635. The CARPENTER family of Devonshire & Plymouth England was small sailing ship owners, many of which were leased out to the East India Trading Company, an affiliation dating to the formation of that company December 31, 1600. We have documented ownership of fifteen different ships owned by the CARPENTER family, those of which were involved with moving furs between the Gulf Ports & Glasgow, or Dublin, and trade goods for North America. These ships usually made stops both directions at Barbados where the family had banking connections set up. We have also proved THOMAS PASMERE, TRADER, and TRADER TOM CARPENTER made regular trips to Barbados, and on occasion to Glasglow, and Dublin aboard these ships. These ships were small and fast, often able to make the crossing from Scotland and Ireland in less than thirty days. They were shallow draft ships, capable of handling shallow water ports with ease. # The first documented trip made by THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER occurred April 1640, sailing from Maryland to Barbados aboard the Hopewell, and returning on the Crispian in September 1640. He made another trip in March 1659 departing Charleston South Carolina aboard the Barbados Merchant, returning on the Concord in August 1659. We have not validated these four ships were owned by the CARPENTER family. Ownership of the following ships documented as being owned by the CARPENTER family of Devonshire & Plymouth England: Dorcas 75 tonnes 1665-1671--- Flying Eagle 120 tonnes 1670-1677 --- Delight 100 tonnes 1678-1682--- Jonas Frigate 80 tonnes 1681-1686--- Tonqueen 130 tonnes 1681-94--- Emerald 103 tonnes 1685-1692--- Pearl 80 tonnes 1685-1694--- Mocha Frigate 150 tonnes 1694-1706--- Sedgwick 100 tonnes 1696-1711--- Advice Frigate 130 tonnes 1700-1702--- Success 180 tonnes 1710-1716--- Arabia Merchant 140 tonnes 1701-1708--- Hester 250 tonnes 1710-1715--- Indian Frigate 130 tonnes 1705-1721--- Goodfellow 140 tonnes 1720-1727--- # • Chronology: 1674, Running Water Village, Tennessee. Chronology: Tennessee, Running Water Village. THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER was an early immigrant to Jamestown Virginia, and was awarded a 10-acre lease in Jamestown City County early 1628. By 20 September 1628, he had abandoned the lease when it was re-granted to Robert Marshall. THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER was then 21 years old. THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER had left Jamestown to live with the Indians, and married a Shawnee woman by 1630 at age 23. He had one son who survived ... # # TRADER CARPENTER b. 1635, who along with his wife and father's family was driven out of the Virginia area to an area further south by the Iroquois 1660. The Cherokee allowed one group of Shawnee to locate in South Carolina to act as a buffer between the Cherokee and Catawba. At this precise time the Cherokee were known to have at least 63 independent "towns." The Carpenter group were told by the Cherokee leaders they could move deeper into the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee where the Shawnee settled and began building villages. # # The first village built by THOMAS and TRADER CARPENTER was Running Water ... The erudite CARPENTERS were master traders and soon had a thriving business trading with all Natives without any problems, they were respected and trusted members of local tribal societies. They regularly transported furs to the Natural Shallow ports located at rivers ending in the Gulf of Mexico in Alabama and Georgia for export, in return providing much needed supplies to the Natives. They had established banking connections in Barbados, and in London. # # THOMAS PASMERE CARPENTER died at Running Water Village about 1675, and had two children that we know about, TRADER CARPENTER, and PASMERE CARPENTER. PASMERE married the grandfather of CORNSTALK HOKOLESQUA (Shawnee) about 1660. CORNSTALK'S father, AKULUSSKA married Shawnee Woman about 1681. TRADER CARPENTER had several sons and daughters, but we have not been able to document but one, a son by name TRADER TOM CARPENTER b. about 1660. #5। 1. MOYTOY I (TRADER) CARPENTER SEE BELOW * 5. 2. PASMERE CARPENTER b 1637 in Shawnee Nation, Virgina. d 1696 in Shawnee Nation, Pennsylvania. md HOKOLESQUA Shawnee-Metis in 1662 in Running River Village. b 1630 in Shawnee Nation, Virgina. d 1681 in Shawnee Nation, Pennsylvania. o 5 2 1. OKOWELLOS Shawnee-Metis-- aka HOKOLESKUA, OKOWELLOS, AKOWELLOS, HOKOWELLOS, HAKOWELLOS, STALK OF A PLANT- b abt 1680 OH d aft 1755 OH --- a CHALAKATHA CHIEF by 1707, King of the Upper Shawnee (in PA) 1723, a Chief on the Savannah River 1725, a Chief in PA 1731, a Chief in AL 1755, over 6' tall, French/Indian War. # CHIEF CORN STALK [aka WNEYPUECHSIKA, KEIGHTUGHQUAH - which signified a blade or stalk of maize; - - b about 1710 in Greenbrier County,Western PA d 11 Nov 1777 murdered by whites at Ft. Randolph, Point Pleasant WV buried near the fort on Point Pleasant, WV overlooking the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers. In 1840 his bones were removed to the grounds of the Mason County Court House where, in 1899, a monument was erected in Cornstalk’s memory. In the late 1950’s, a new court house was built in Point Pleasant and the Chief’s remains (which consisted of three teeth and about 15 pieces of bone) were placed in an aluminum box and reinterred in a corner of the town’s Tu-Endie-Wei Park md ** ** # (1) HELIZIKINOPO by 1730 - Shawnee [likely a MEKOCHE], b abt 1715 PA d aft 1756 OH, sister of BIG SNAKE ---children-- CHENUSAW, WOLF, WALKER, NEWA, ARACOMA (BAKER), GREENBRIER (KENNISON), CORNSTALK Jr, MARY (SWIFT_ADKINS), ELLINIPSICO, ELIZABETH (PETELLA), ESTHER(SOWARDS), OCEANA-ALL SHAWNEE. # (2) OUNACONOA MOYTOY by 1735 1/2 Shawnee-Cherokee ---children-- BLACK BEARD, BLACK WOLF, JOHN WOLF, PETER CORNSTALK-ALL 3/4 Shawnee - Cherokee, # (3) JULIA adopted abt 1741 adopted SCOT - MULATTO. ---children-- SUN FISH & ELIJAH CORNSTALK, ABSALOM, ABRAHAM & MICHAEL AILSTOCK-ALL 1/2 Shawnee-Black-Scot Metis, (4) Katherine Vanderpool SHARPE adopted-white 1763 b 1725 NY d 1806 OH - former wife of John SHARPE-white, widow of Fredrick adopted 1763 returned to whites 1765, wife of CORNSTALK 1763, mother with Fredrick was Elizabeth md CORNSTALK Jr. # (5) other wives possible, possible unknown --- CORNSTALK is said to have been born in western Pennsylvania at least by 1720, but some say 1708 or 1710, and moved with his family when he was about 10 to ओहियो # ---Major Chalakatha/Mekoche chief by 1749, with Creeks in AL for a short time in 1755 & again for a short time in 1758, French-Indian War, Braddock, led raiding New-Shenandoah River valleys 1755, led raiding Ohio-New River valleys 1758, Pontiac War, lead chief of Shawnee at Bushy Run, led raiding New-Greenbrier-Jackson River valleys 1763, led raiding Ohio-Little Kanawha-Big Sandy-Kanawha-New River valleys 1772, lead chief Point Pleasant 1774, Chief of 20 tribe Northern Confederacy about 1755-77, associated with John Swift silver-mines about 1755-69, Council Ft. Pitt Nov. 1753, June 1762, negotiated Treaty 1757 with Col. Thomas Lewis & Col. William Preston at mouth of Big Sandy River, Council Bouquet Oct. 1764, hostage of Col. Bouquet winter 1764-65, traveled to Shawnee in NC-NY-IL-KY-IN-PA-TN enlisting support 1774, Treaty 1765, Treaty Camp Charlotte 1774 # ----1750s, he fought with the French against the British during the French and Indian War. # --- 1763 he led an expedition of warriors against white settlements along Muddy Creek in Greenbrier County in what is now West Virginia. Over the next decade, he continued to lead the resistance to white encroachment into the Ohio River Valley. # --- In the early 1770s, Chief CORNSTALK became the leader of a confederacy of Indian tribes living in Ohio, including the Shawnee, Wyandots, Delawares, and Mingos. # --- Oct. 10, 1774, he led a large war party against troops from Virginia. The battle took place at **Point Pleasant, near the juncture of the Ohio and Kanawha rivers in present-day West Virginia. Both sides suffered heavy losses, and Chief CORNSTALK later signed a peace treaty with Virginia governor Lord Dunmore. ** The Battle of Point Pleasant was considered a turning point in the war against the Indians and a precursor of the American Revolutionary War. During the battle, one-half of General Lewis' commissioned officers, including his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, were killed, as were 75 of his non-commissioned soldiers. Another 140 soldiers were wounded. The actual number of Indians engaged or killed in the battle is not known, but included warriors from the Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes, lead by their respective chiefs and by CORNSTALK, SACHEM of the Shawnees and King of the North Confederacy. The remaining Indians fled into Ohio with Lewis' men in pursuit. Now on the defensive, the Indians later agreed to a peace treaty, ending what had become known as Lord Dunmore's War (John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, was Governor of Virginia at the time). General Lewis died in 1781 from a fever. ** # --- During the American Revolution the British tried to build a coalition of Indians to fight against the colonists. Chief CORNSTALK alone refused to join, although many members of his tribe opposed him. Chief CORNSTALK, however, had come to believe that his people's survival depended on their friendly relations with the Virginians. In the spring of 1777, he visited the garrison at Point Pleasant with a small contingent of Indians, and he informed the colonials of the coalition that was forming. While the Virginians waited for reinforcements, the Indians were held as hostages. Following the killing of a white man outside the fort by other Indians, Chief CORNSTALK and his men (including his son, Elinipsico) were murdered by the soldiers. Chief CORNSTALK was admired, even by his enemies, as a fine orator and courageous warrior. continued ....

9 more pages , many names including SEQUOYAH, Robert (Bob) Benge, Attakullakulla, Oconostota SMALLPOX CONJUROR, Ward, Strong, Carpenter, Beamer, Bowling, CLark, Fox, Webber, Watts, Foreman, Moytoy, Baldridge, Davis, Johnson, BIGBY, Priber, Brock, Greenwood, Pigeon, Callahan, Daughterty, White, Allen, Lewis, Tayor, Osborn, Brown, Guess, Gist, Caldwell, Burns, Rogers, Patterson, Nolan, McDaniels, Cornett, Chief DOUBLEHEAD, ONITOSITAH, and PUMPKIN HEAD, Crawford, Jolley, Tassel, Gray, Keys, Riley, Smith, Houston, Cathey, Cole, DRUMGOOGLE, COX, Wilson, Colbert, Henley, Cooty, MCLAUGHLIN, Keys, Campbell Sitton, Rogers, Taylor, Welsh, Williams, Lovette, LANGLEY, Henson, FULTON, Fulton, Tucker, Brady, Woodall, Abercrombie, MCNULTY, CHISHOLM, Hicks, too many to list here ... Complete list at following link:
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"BOARDING SCHOOL" "KILL THE INDIAN, SAVE THE MAN."

The following are a couple short interviews: preview of movie in the making, based on true stories.

"Imagine you were a child...taken from home, your family...taken from everything you know." "they took every child over the age of 5...they chained them together..."









"Our Spirits Don't Speak English:Indian Boarding School."

Release date spring 2008 from www.richheape.com
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Anarchist solidarity with indigenous warrior John Graham

January 22, 2008

Filed under: John Graham — ourfreedom @ 7:31 pm

John Graham, Native American, has been charged and extradited from Canada in the death of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash - his friend and fellow comrade in the American Indian Movement, of 30 years ago.

Anarchist solidarity with indigenous warrior John Graham

By some Vancouver anarchists
January 19, 2008

Anarchists in Vancouver, Canada, have been standing in solidarity with indigenous warrior John Graham since his extradition hearings began here in 2004.

The FBI charges that Graham killed his comrade Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, his friend and fellow warrior in the American Indian Movement (AIM). Aquash’s body was found on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, in February of 1976.

Although Aquash was a well-known AIM leader and fugitive, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) police claimed they couldn’t identify her. Their pathologist claimed she died of exposure and removed her hands. The BIA prevented people from viewing her body and had her body buried without a death certificate or burial permit before her hands were sent to the FBI for identification. A second autopsy requested by her family and friends revealed that she had been shot.

In the 1970s, the FBI’s Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) was targeting AIM and traditional Lakota people for destruction, in part because of high-profile actions such as the armed re-occupation of Wounded Knee at Pine Ridge. In the course of three years, an FBI-backed death squad, the Guardians Of the Oglala Nation (GOONS), which included many BIA cops, killed more than 60 AIM members and traditional Lakota people on the reservation. BIA Tribal Chief Dick Wilson, founder of the GOONS, signed over Lakota territory for exploitation by various energy corporations, including uranium-mining companies.

In the 1990s, law enforcement agent Robert Ecoffey began to fabricate a case that AIM leaders ordered Aquash killed because they believed that she was an FBI informant. This was based on the FBI’s attempt in the 1970s to spread rumours within AIM that Aquash was an informant and to shift suspicion for her murder from themselves to AIM after their failed attempt to cover-up her identity and true cause of death.

In the 1970s, Ecoffey was a member of the BIA police force at Pine Ridge and took part in the FBI-led assault on an AIM camp set up to protect a Lakota family from the GOONS. This event became known as the “Incident at Oglala” and led to the deaths of AIM warrior Joe Stuntz Killsright and two FBI agents. Ecoffey later testified as a government witness against AIM warrior Leonard Peltier at the 1977 frame-up trial over the killing of the two FBI agents.

We believe that the case against John Graham is an attempt to cover-up the deadly counter-insurgency campaign waged by government agencies at Pine Ridge in the 1970s. We also believe it is an attempt to cover-up Aquash and Graham’s history of resistance to the corporate theft and destruction of indigenous land, cutting-off today’s generation and future generations from an important point-of-reference. Both Aquash and Graham opposed uranium mining as being in total conflict with the traditional indigenous way of life. In the 1980s, Graham continued to fight against uranium mining in Native territories in Canada.

At different times, Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, Leonard Peltier and John Graham all said they were offered their freedom if they collaborated with the FBI against AIM leaders. They all refused. Myrtle Poor Bear said that FBI agents threatened her with photos of Aquash’s body, saying it would be worse with her if she didn’t sign false affidavits against Peltier to have him extradited from Vancouver. Peltier said he was offered his freedom in 1998 if he falsely pointed the finger at John Graham and AIM leaders for Aquash’s death. He refused. Graham has said US law enforcement agents visited him in the Yukon in the 1990s and threatened that he’d face a murder charge if he didn’t falsely point the finger at AIM leaders for Aquash’s murder. He refused.

John Graham is currently imprisoned at the Pennington County Jail in Rapid City, South Dakota, and his trial date has been set for June 17, 2008. He was arrested in Vancouver in December of 2003 and spent 40 days in prison until he was released under house arrest to face his extradition hearings. He was taken back to prison on June 26, 2007, just before the Supreme Court of British Columbia rejected his appeal. The Supreme Court of Canada rejected his final appeal on December 6, 2007, and he was extradited to South Dakota that same day. That night, the locks of the probation office he was forced to regularly check-in with were glued shut and “Free John Graham” was spray-painted on one of its walls. There is also an on-going graffiti campaign in Vancouver in solidarity with him.

Vancouver anarchists first learned about the case from the local Native Youth Movement, mutual friends and John Graham’s family. We further educated ourselves, got to know John himself and talked with him about his history. Anarchists in Vancouver (and at times anarchists from other parts of British Columbia) have attended his court dates, visited him in prison, put on informational events on the case, put up posters, produced leaflets and supported events held for John Graham by the Native Youth Movement or his daughters. We’ve also supported indigenous warriors who’ve publicly challenged speakers spreading disinformation around the case.

Indigenous resistance to colonization is one of our primary sources of inspiration in our own anarchist struggle against industrialism, capitalism and the State. By standing in solidarity with John Graham we are strengthening our own struggle for freedom.

For us, solidarity with John Graham also means continuing on with the struggle against development, against uranium mining, against the police, against all prisons everywhere. As Anna Mae Pictou Aquash herself said after she was arrested and threatened by the FBI in September of 1975, “Jails are not a solution to problems.”

- >

To write to John Graham at Pennington County Jail, address envelope as follows:

John Graham
307 St. Joseph Street
Rapid City, SD 57701
USA

John Graham’s history of resistance (actions and activities he took part in):

Early 1970s -
- Beothuck patrol by the Native Alliance for Red Power, monitoring police harassment of Natives in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside.

1974-
- Second Native Peoples’ Caravan to Ottawa and occupation of abandoned Carbide Mill (Native Peoples’ Embassy).
- Mohawk warriors armed re-occupation of Ganienkeh territory in New York State.

1975 –
- Security at Farmington, New Mexico, AIM convention related to racist murders of Navajos.
- Security and safe transportation for traditionalists at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, Lakota territory.

1980 –
- Caravan for Survival from Regina to uranium boomtown, La Ronge, Saskatchewan, to protest Key Lake uranium mine government board of inquiry.

1981 -
- Anna Mae Aquash Survival Camp near Pinehouse, Saskatchewan, on Key Lake road to stop the development of what became the world’s largest uranium mine (John was instrumental in the founding and naming of the camp).

1983-1984 -
- Red Peoples Long Walk from Victoria to Ottawa and Akwesasne for survival and against assimilation.
- European speaking tour against uranium mining.

Anna Mae Pictou Aquash’s history of resistance (actions and activities she took part in):

1969 –
- Aquash is arrested in Boston after jumping onto a group of police when they arrested a friend of hers who was assaulted at a bar.

1970 –
- Boston Indian Council and AIM demonstration against Mayflower II, Thanksgiving Day.

1972 –
- Trail of Broken Treaties leading to occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington DC.

1973 –
- Armed liberation of Wounded Knee, Pine Ridge, Lakota territory

1974 -
- Training in Karate at AIM gym.
- Armed re-occupation of Anicinabe Park in Kenora, Ontario, by the Ojibway Warriors Society.
- Research, teaching and creating programs for the Red Schoolhouse, AIM Survival School in St. Paul, Minnesota.
- Re-organization of Los Angeles AIM chapter, fundraising and expulsion from office of then suspected FBI informant Douglass Durham (later confirmed).

1975 –
- Armed occupation of religious building in Gresham, Wisconsin, by Menominee Warrior Society.
- Farmington, New Mexico, AIM convention related to racist murders of Navajos.
- Security and health for traditionalists at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, Lakota territory.

- >

Websites:

http://ourfreedom.wordpress.com

Recommended reading:

The Life and Death of Anna Mae Aquash by Johanna Brand
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse by Peter Matthiessen
Lakota Woman by Mary Crow Dog

More info:
http://www.grahamdefense.org

..........................................................

UPDATE:

John Graham trial moved to September March 12, 2008

Filed under: John Graham — ourfreedom @ 10:16 pm

John Graham trial moved to September

By Heidi Bell Gease, rapid City Journal staff
Wednesday, March 12, 2008

The murder trial of John Graham has been rescheduled for Sept. 23 at the request of Graham’s attorney.

Graham, 52, of British Columbia was supposed to go on trial here June 17 in U.S. District Court for the fatal shooting of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, a fellow American Indian Movement member who died on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in December 1975.

Graham’s attorney, John Murphy, filed a motion Feb. 28 asking that the trial be delayed, saying he needed more time to prepare. According to the motion, the government had already provided Murphy with more than 4,200 documents and 112 audio tapes of witness interviews.

U.S. District Judge Lawrence Piersol, who will preside over Graham’s trial, has rescheduled the trial to Sept. 23. Graham has agreed to waive his right to a speedy trial.

Another man charged in Aquash’s death, Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud, was convicted of first-degree murder after a 2004 trial in Rapid City.

He was sentenced to life in prison.

More information about this case at following website:
http://www.grahamdefense.org
youtube.com/danielgautreau

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CHEROKEE GENEALOGY -SURNAMES


Chief Corn Stalk [aka Wneypuechsika, Keightughquah -which signified a blade or stalk of maize; - - b about 1710 in Greenbrier County,Western PA d 11 Nov 1777 murdered by whites at Ft. Randolph, Point Pleasant WV buried near the fort on Point Pleasant, WV overlooking the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers. In 1840 his bones were removed to the grounds of the Mason County Court House where, in 1899, a monument was erected in Cornstalk’s memory. In the late 1950’s, a new court house was built in Point Pleasant and the chief’s remains (which consisted of three teeth and about 15 pieces of bone) were placed in an aluminum box and reinterred in a corner of the town’s Tu-Endie-Wei Park md

(1) Helizikinopo by 1730 -Shawnee [likely a Mekoche], b abt 1715 PA d aft 1756 OH sister of Big Snake
---children-- Chenusaw, Wolf, Walker, Newa, Aracoma (Baker), Greenbrier (Kennison), Cornstalk Jr, Mary (Swift-Adkins), Ellinipsico, Elizabeth (Petella), Esther (Sowards), Oceana-all Shawnee

(2) Ounaconoa Moytoy by 1735 1/2 Shawnee-Cherokee
---children-- Black Beard, Black Wolf, John Wolf, Peter Cornstalk-all 3/4 th Shawnee-Cherokee,

(3) Julia adopted abt 1741 adopted Scot-Mulatto
---children-- Sun Fish & Elijah Cornstalk, Absalom, Abraham & Michael Ailstock-all 1/2 Shawnee-Black-Scot Metis,
(4) Katherine Vanderpool Sharpe adopted-white 1763 b 1725 NY d 1806 OH - former wife of John Sharpe-white, widow of Fredrick adopted 1763 returned to whites 1765, wife of Cornstalk 1763, mother with Fredrick was Elizabeth md Cornstalk Jr.

(5) other wives possible, possible unknown children
--- Cornstalk is said to have been born in western Pennsylvania at least by 1720, but some say 1708 or 1710, and moved with his family when he was about 10 to Ohio

---Major Chalakatha/Mekoche chief by 1749, with Creeks in AL for a short time in 1755 & again for a short time in 1758, French-Indian War, Braddock, led raiding New-Shenandoah River valleys 1755, led raiding Ohio-New River valleys 1758, Pontiac War, lead chief of Shawnee at Bushy Run, led raiding New-Greenbrier-Jackson River valleys 1763, led raiding Ohio-Little Kanawha-Big Sandy-Kanawha-New River valleys 1772, lead chief Point Pleasant 1774, Chief of 20 tribe Northern Confederacy about 1755-77, associated with John Swift silver-mines about 1755-69, Council Ft. Pitt Nov. 1753, June 1762, negotiated Treaty 1757 with Col. Thomas Lewis & Col. William Preston at mouth of Big Sandy River, Council Bouquet Oct. 1764, hostage of Col. Bouquet winter 1764-65, traveled to Shawnee in NC-NY-IL-KY-IN-PA-TN enlisting support 1774, Treaty 1765, Treaty Camp Charlotte 1774

----1750s, he fought with the French against the British during the French and Indian War.

--- 1763 he led an expedition of warriors against white settlements along Muddy Creek in Greenbrier County in what is now West Virginia. Over the next decade, he continued to lead the resistance to white encroachment into the Ohio River Valley.

--- In the early 1770s, Chief Cornstalk became the leader of a confederacy of Indian tribes living in Ohio, including the Shawnee, Wyandots, Delawares, and Mingos.

--- Oct. 10, 1774, he led a large war party against troops from Virginia. The battle took place at **Point Pleasant, near the juncture of the Ohio and Kanawha rivers in present-day West Virginia. Both sides suffered heavy losses, and Chief Cornstalk later signed a peace treaty with Virginia governor Lord Dunmore.

The Battle of Point Pleasant was considered a turning point in the war against the Indians and a precursor of the American Revolutionary War. During the battle, one-half of General Lewis' commissioned officers, including his brother, Colonel Charles Lewis, were killed, as were 75 of his non-commissioned soldiers. Another 140 soldiers were wounded. The actual number of Indians engaged or killed in the battle is not known, but included warriors from the Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes, lead by their respective chiefs and by Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawnees and King of the North Confederacy. The remaining Indians fled into Ohio with Lewis' men in pursuit. Now on the defensive, the Indians later agreed to a peace treaty, ending what had become known as Lord Dunmore's War (John Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, was Governor of Virginia at the time). General Lewis died in 1781 from a fever.

--- During the American Revolution the British tried to build a coalition of Indians to fight against the colonists. Chief Cornstalk alone refused to join, although many members of his tribe opposed him. Chief Cornstalk, however, had come to believe that his people's survival depended on their friendly relations with the Virginians. In the spring of 1777, he visited the garrison at Point Pleasant with a small contingent of Indians, and he informed the colonials of the coalition that was forming. While the Virginians waited for reinforcements, the Indians were held as hostages. Following the killing of a white man outside the fort by other Indians, Chief Cornstalk and his men (including his son, Elinipsico) were murdered by the soldiers. Chief Cornstalk was admired, even by his enemies, as a fine orator and courageous warrior.

CORNSTALK MURDER From the VIRGINIA GAZETTE 3 April 1778 By HIS Excellency PATRICK HENRY Governor, or Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA A PROCLAMATION WHEREAS a most barbarous murder was on the tenth day of November last committed by a number of persons belonging to a detachment of the militia of this state an Indian chief called CORNSTALK, his son, and two other Indians at Fort Randolph on the Ohio, although the said Indians had been convicted of no hostile act or purpose, and were at that time under the pl ghted (sic) protection of the garrison of the place, whereby a deep wound has been given to the honor and faith of this country, the laws of the state have been most flagrantly violated, and the vengeance of a cruel enemy provoked on the innocent inhabitants of the western frontiers, as well as a dangerous example given to licentious and bloodthirsty men wantonly to involve their country in the horrours of a savage war; and whereas it appears from sundry depositions transmitted to me that James Hall of the county of Rockbridqe, and Malcolm McCown of Augusta, Adam Barnes of Greenbrier, William Roane of Rockbridge and Hugh Galbreath of Rockbridge were deeply concerned in promoting and perpetrating the said outrage, I do by and with the advice of the Council of State issue this my proclamation strictly requiring the citizens of this commonwealth, more especially all officers civil and military, to use the most vigorous exertions to bring these seperate offenders to the punishment due their guilt. And as an encouragement thereto, as well as a proof of the public abhorrence of such detestable crimes, I do offer to such person or persons as shall secure any of the offenders so that they be brought to justice the following rewards that is for James Hall 200 dollars, for Malcolm McCown 150 dollars, for Adam Barnes, William Roane and Hugh Galbreath 100 dollars each. Given under my hand at the Council Chamber in the city of Williamsburg this 27th day of March in the second year of the commonwealth, Annogue Dom 1778

--- The first Rockbridge Order Book shows in April 1778, Court was held for examination of Captain James Hall on suspicion of felony, concerning the murder of the "Cornstalk" Indian, his son Ellinipsico, Redhawk, and another Indian chief.
-James Hall appeared, but no witnesses for the Commonwealth appeared.
-James Hall was placed on trial and acquitted.
-Hugh Galbraith, Malcolm McCown, and William Rowan were each tried on the same charges and acquitted.
-These were the first trials held in Rockbridge County, but not the first Court.
-The first Court held in Rockbridge was on April 7th. Captain James Hall's trial began on April 18th, and he was acquitted on April 28th of the same year.

• 1 Chenusaw CORNSTALK -Shawnee, b abt 1730-died aft 1778
  --- son of Helizikinopo and Cornstalk
  --- French/Indian War, Braddock, raiding New-Shenandoah River valleys 1755, raiding Ohio-New River valleys 1758, Pontiac War, Bushy Run, raiding New-Jackson-Greenbrier River valleys 1763, raiding Little Kanawha-Big Sandy-Ohio-New River valleys 1772, Point Pleasant 1774/78, captive of Virginians 1775-76
• 2 Wolf CORNSTALK aka Piaserka (the Wolf)
  son of Helizikinopo and Cornstalk
• 3 Black Beard CORNSTALK b abt 1735 Chota, City Of Refuge, Cherokee Nation. d 1802 in Shawnee Nation, Ohio. md Katee Carpenter in 1758 in Running Water Village, Tenn b 1737 in Overhills, Great Tellico, Tenn d 1806 in Shawnee Nation, Ohio dau of Killaque /Killaqua CARPENTER 1/2 Shawnee-Cherokee son of White Owl Raven-Shawnee & Nancy Moytoy -Cherokee

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Some of the American Indians ( as did some of the Melungeons ) built little houses over the graves of their loved ones. The houses were built of wood or stone; an early author wrote that she saw a cemetery about Newman's Ridge Tennessee in the 1890's and that it looked like a village.

Selkirk Spirit House

Some of the American Indians ( as did some of the Melungeons ) built little houses over the graves of their loved ones. The houses were built of wood or stone; an early author wrote that she saw a cemetery about Newman's Ridge Tennessee in the 1890's and that it looked like a village.

The author went on to write that the little grave houses were well taken care of (as was the cemetery) and that the little houses were in better condition than the very houses the people lived in. This people she stayed were named Melungeon. The Melungeons were and yet are of "Indian" blood. See Melungeon forum for more information.

Many have speculate the purpose of these houses but I believe
it is based more on spiritual beliefs than worldly necessity.

Some say the houses were built to:
1. to protect the graves from rains.
2. to protect the graves from animals.
3. to protect the graves from grave robbers.

Here's a picture of one cemetery; think this one is in Canada an the one below from up around the Hudson...yet to find pics from ones in Appalacia.

Others believe the little houses were built to give their loved ones a comfortable home even in death. I tend to believe this to be closer to the truth and that they built the little grave houses for spiritual reasons and not worldly practicality.

Could this practice then go back to our Native Americans' ancient overseas homeland?

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WOUNDED KNEE, S.D. - A handful of American Indians took over a church on Feb. 27, 1973 to protest racism and corruption in the Oglala Sioux government. A 71-day war resulted.

Photo courtesy Charles Abourezk -- Rapid City, S.D. attorney Charles Abourezk wrote, directed and produced "A Tattoo on My Heart," a new documentary film on the Wounded Knee occupation that presents the warriors' point of view.

It wasn't meant to be a shootout; the intent was to protest events that were crushing the people's pride and dignity on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Traditional Oglala people claimed they were ignored and some said at the time they were afraid to go into town (Pine Ridge village) for essential items such as food.

That's when Severt Young Bear, Lakota elder, called in the American Indian Movement: and traditional people and AIM members stood together in the standoff that attracted the media and captured the hearts of supporters nationwide.

Oglala Sioux Tribal President Dick Wilson was accused of authoritarian rule on Pine Ridge, and of using Goon (Guardians of the Oglala Nation) squads to keep order and to keep the traditional people and those who didn't support his administration in line, the traditional elders said.

Two events - the violent deaths of an Oglala man in Gordon, Neb. and another in Custer County, S.D. - brought thousands of protesters to the area. Arrests were made and buildings burned. The demonstrations and the occupation spilled over to the Pine Ridge Reservation, and the occupation of Wounded Knee began.

Two American Indians were killed and many others wounded. Two law enforcement officials were wounded.

A new documentary film, ''A Tattoo on My Heart,'' presents the warriors' point of view through actual film footage from the occupation and contemporary interviews. The film tells their story and their feelings about their stand against the most powerful military in the world - and how they became heroes. Its world premiere was held on the occupation's 32nd anniversary, bringing community residents and occupation veterans together to experience the film and honor those who took a stand against tyranny and racism.

Wilson and some of his supporters are portrayed as uncaring, sarcastic fools in brief clips; one shows him commenting on the accusations against him: ''There have been a number of accusations made lately,'' he said, smiling; a supporter seated next to him said sarcastically, ''We are all sharp shooters.''

Wounded Knee, as the film points out, was chosen as the site to make a stand with the knowledge that the Wilson administration and the federal government planned to protect the tribal administration and adjacent BIA buildings in Pine Ridge village. Machine gun nests were placed on top of the BIA building on all four corners; and armored personnel carriers, the FBI, federal marshals and the military were brought in to squelch any such takeover.

Anticipating this, the protestors instead went to where their ancestors had died at the hands of the 7th U.S. Cavalry in 1890: Wounded Knee.

Rapid City, S.D. attorney Charles Abourezk wrote, directed and produced the film; his partner, Brett Lawlor, was the executive producer. It took two years and 50 edits to complete the project. Floyd Red Crow Westerman, a veteran of AIM protests of the '70s, a songwriter, singer and Hollywood actor, is the narrator.

How important was the occupation and standoff to those who were there? It changed their lives, they said on film and in person, and they believe it changed the lives of all American Indians.

''Wounded Knee is like a tattoo on your heart ... Nobody could take away the stand that we made,'' Bill Means said on film.

Madonna Thunder Hawk, Cheyenne River Sioux tribal member, was a medic in the AIM compound. She said she is proud when she sees her son's picture in the film; at the time, he was 10 years old. She now has a grandson that age. ''My grandson knows who he is.'' And that, she said, is why the standoff and occupation were organized and took place.

Those in the compound knew they couldn't win the war, but what they gained was more important. Defending the pride, dignity and spirit of American Indians across the country prompted the takeover, not a desire for war.

''If another Wounded Knee [happened], I would do it again,'' said Webster Poor Bear on film. ''Because the reasons we did that are so powerful, truth is so powerful. Gandhi said [that] even if you are a minority of one, the truth is still the truth. That's why I was at Wounded Knee.

''I didn't realize how deep that truth went or how broad. When you live like that it's an honorable way to live ... I am honored and privileged to have stood with them.''

DVDs of the film are available at www.warriorsofwounded knee.com.

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Cherokee Indian Tribe

Cherokee. A powerful detached tribe of the Iroquoian family, formerly holding the whole mountain region of the south Alleghenies, in southwest Virginia, western North Carolina and South Carolina, north Georgia, east Tennessee, and northeast Alabama, and claiming even to the Ohio River.

The tribal name is a corruption of Tsálăgĭ or Tsárăgĭ, the name by which they commonly called themselves, and which may be derived from the Choctaw chiluk-ki 'cave people', in allusion to the numerous caves in their mountain country. They sometimes also call themselves Ani'-Yûñ'-wiyd', 'real people,' or Anĭ'-Kitu'hwagĭ, 'people of Kituhwa’, one of their most important ancient settlements. Their northern kinsmen, the Iroquois, called them Oyata’ge'ronoñ', 'inhabitants of the cave country' (Hewitt), and the Delawares and connected tribes called them Kittuwa, from the settlement already noted. They seem to be identical with the Rickohockans, who invaded central Virginia in 1658, and with the ancient Talligewi, of Delaware tradition, who were represented to have been driven southward from the upper Ohio River region by the combined forces of the Iroquois and Delawares.

The language has three principal dialects:
(1) Elatĭ, or Lower, spoken on the heads of Savannah River, in South Carolina and Georgia;
(2) Middle, spoken chiefly on the waters of Tuckasegee River, in western North Carolina, and now the prevailing dialect on the East Cherokee reservation;
(3) A'tŭli, Mountain or Upper, spoken throughout most of upper Georgia, east Tennessee, and extreme western North Carolina. The lower dialect was the only one which had the r sound, and is now extinct. The upper dialect is that which has been exclusively used in the native literature of the tribe.

Traditional, linguistic, and archeological evidence shows that the Cherokee originated in the north, but they were found in possession of the south Allegheny region when first encountered by De Soto in 1540. Their relations with the Carolina colonies began 150 years later. In 1736 the Jesuit (?) Priber started the first mission among them, and attempted to organize their government on a civilized basis. In 1759, under the leadership of A'ganstâ'ta (Oconostota), they began war with the English of Carolina. In the Revolution they took sides against the Americans, and continued the struggle almost without interval until 1794. During this period parties of the Cherokee pushed down Tennessee River and formed new settlements at Chickamauga and other points about the Tennessee-Alabama line. Shortly after 1800, missionary and educational work was established among theme, and in 1820 they adopted a regular form of government modeled on that of the United States. In the meantime large numbers of the more conservative Cherokee, wearied by the encroachments of the whites, had crossed the Mississippi and made new homes in the wilderness in what is now Arkansas. A year or two later Sequoya (q. v.), a mixed-blood, invented the alphabet, which at once raised them to the rank of a literary people.

At the height of their prosperity gold was discovered near the present Dahlonega, Ga., within the limits of the Cherokee Nation, and at once a powerful agitation was begun for the removal of the Indians. After years of hopeless struggle under the leadership of their great chief, John Ross, they were compelled to submit to the inevitable, and by the treaty of New Echota, Dec. 29, 1835, the Cherokee sold their entire remaining territory and agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi to a country there to be set apart for them-the present (1905) Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. The removal was accomplished in the winter of 1838-39, after considerable hardship and the loss of nearly one-fourth of their number, the unwilling Indians being driven out by military force and making the long journey on foot.

On reaching their destination they reorganized their national government, with their capital at Tahlequah, admitting to equal privileges the earlier emigrants, known as "old settlers." A part of the Arkansas Cherokee had previously gone down into Texas, where they had obtained a grant of land in the east part of the state from the Mexican government. The later Texan revolutionists refused to recognize their rights, and in spite of the efforts of Gen. Sam Houston, who defended the Indian claim, a conflict was precipitated, resulting, in 1839, in the killing of the Cherokee chief, Bowl (q. v.), with a large number of his men, by the Texan troops, and the expulsion of the Cherokee from Texas.

When the main body of the tribe was removed to the west, several hundred fugitives escaped to the mountains, where hey lived as refugees for a time, until, in 1842, through the efforts of Win. H. Thomas, an influential trader, they received permission to remain on lands set apart for their use in western North Carolina.
They constitute the present eastern band of Cherokee, residing chiefly on the Qualla reservation in Swain and Jackson counties, with several outlying settlements.

The Cherokee in the Cherokee Nation were for years divided into two hostile factions, those who had favored and those who had opposed the treaty of removal. Hardly had these differences they been adjusted when the civil war burst upon them. Being slave owners and surrounded by southern influences, a large part of each of the Five Civilized Tribes of the territory enlisted in the service of the Confederacy, while others adhered to the National Government. The territory of the Cherokee was overrun in turn by both armies, and the close of the war found them prostrated. By treaty in 1866 they were readmitted to the protection of the United States, but obliged to liberate their Negro slaves and admit them to equal citizenship. In 1867 and 1870 the Delawares and Shawnee, respectively, numbering together about 1,750, were admitted from Kansas and incorporated with the Nation. In 1889 Cherokee Commission (see Commission) was created for the purpose of abolishing the tribal governments and opening the territories to white settlement, with the result that after 15 years of negotiation an agreement was made by which the government of the Cherokee Nation came to a final end Mar. 3, 1906: the Indian lands were divided, and the Cherokee Indians, native adopted, became citizens of the United States.

The Cherokee have 7 clans, viz:
Ani'-wa'`ya (Wolf)
Ani'-Kawĭ' (Deer)
Ani'-Tsi'skwa (Bird)
Ani'-wi'dĭ (Paint)
Ani'-Sah'a'ni
Ani'-Ga'tagewĭ
Ani'-Gi-lâ'hĭ

The names of the last 3 cannot be translated with certainty. There is evidence that there were anciently 14, which by extinction or absorption have been reduced to their present number. The Wolf clan is the largest and most important. The "seven clans" are frequently mentioned in the ritual prayers and even in the printed laws of the tribe. They seem to have had a connection with the "seven mother towns" of the Cherokee, described by Cuming in 1730 as having each a chief, whose office was hereditary in the female line.

Ancient Cherokee or Ah-ni-yv-wi-ya society was traditionally grouped around a social organization of the seven clans.

• Blue (also Panther or Wild Cat) Clan (ah-ni-sa-ho-ni in Cherokee) made a medicine from a bluish colored plant called the Cherokee black drink for purification ceremonies.
• Long Hair (also Twister, Hair Hanging Down, or Wind) Clan (ah-ni-gi-lo-hi in Cherokee) wore their hair in elaborate hairdos, walked in a proud and vain manner twisting their shoulders. The Peace Chief was usually from this clan.
• Bird Clan (ah-ni-tsi-s-kwa in Cherokee) were the keepers of the birds, skilled in using blowguns and snares for bird hunting.
• Paint Clan (ah-ni-wo-di in Cherokee) made red paint and gathered the sacred colors used in the ceremonies.
• Deer Clan (ah-ni-a-wi in Cherokee) were the keepers of the deer and were known as fast runners and deer hunters.
• Wild Potato (also Bear, Raccoon, or Blind Savannah) Clan (ah-ni-ga-to-ge-wi in Cherokee) gathered the wild potato in swamps along streams for food.
• Wolf Clan (ah-ni-wa-ya in Cherokee) was the largest and most prominent clan providing most of the tribe's war chiefs. They were keepers of the wolf and the only clan who could kill a wolf.

The Cherokee are probably about as numerous now as at any period in their history. With the exception of an estimate in 1730, which placed them at about 20,000, most of those up to a recent period gave them 12,000 or 14,000, and in 1758 they were computed at only 7,500. The majority of the earlier estimates are probably too low, as the Cherokee occupied so extensive a territory that only a part of them came in contact with the whites. In 1708 Gov. Johnson estimated them at 60 villages and "at least 500 men" (Rivers, So. Car., 238, 1856). In 1715 they were officially reported to number 11,210 (Upper, 2,760; diddle, 6,350; Lower, 2,100), including 4,000 warriors, and living in 60 villages (Upper, 19; Middle, 30; Lower, 11). In 1720 were estimated to have been reduced to about 10,000, and again in the same year reported at about 11,500, including about 3,800 warriors (Gov. Johnson's Rep. in Rivers, op. cit., 93, 94, 103, 1874). In 1729 they were estimated at 20,000, with at least 6,000 warriors and 64 towns and villages (Stevens, Hist. Ga., r, 48, 1847).

They are said to have lost 1,000 warriors in 1739 from smallpox and rum, and they suffered a steady decrease during their wars with the whites, extending from 1760 until after the close of the Revolution. Those in their original homes had again increased to 16,542 at the time of their forced removal to the west in 1838, but lost nearly one-fourth on the journey, 311 perishing in a steamboat accident on the Mississippi. Those already in the west, before the removal, were estimated at about 6,000. The civil war in 1861-65 again checked their progress, but they recovered from its effects in a remarkably short time, and in 1885 numbered about 19,000, of whom about 17,000 were in Indian Territory, together with about 6,000 adopted whites, Negroes, Delawares, and Shawnee, while the remaining 2,000 were still in their ancient homes in the east.

Of this eastern band, 1,376 were on Qualla reservation, in Swain and. Jackson Counties, N. C.; about 300 are on Cheowah River, in Graham County, N. C., while the remainder, all of mixed blood, are scattered over east Tennessee, north Georgia, and Alabama. The eastern band lost about 300 by smallpox at the close of the civil war. In 1902 there were officially reported 28,016 persons of Cherokee blood, including all degrees of admixture, in the Cherokee Nation in the Territory, but this includes several thousand individuals formerly repudiated by the tribal courts.

There were also living in the nation about 3,000 adopted Negro freedmen, more than 2,000 adopted whites, and about 1700 adopted Delaware, Shawnee, and other Indians. The tribe has a larger proportion of white admixture than any other of the Five Civilized Tribes. See Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee, 19th Rep. B. A. E., 1902; Royce,' Cherokee Nation, 5th Rep. B. A. E., 1887

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Native American Indians adopted when a tiny child.

Buffy Ste Marie - she shares a heartbreaking story in song.
Well worth a listen.





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ARE YOU OF
NATIVE BLOOD AND HERITAGE?

If you are a Native American or if you have the blood of Native people within you, UNDERSTAND, YOU ARE A SURVIVOR OF A HOLOCAUST.

YOUR PEOPLE HAVE BEEN HUNTED AS ANIMALS. YOUR ANCESTORS WERE STALKED BY A PERVERSE ENEMY, WHO LAY IN WAIT EVERYWHERE YOUR FAMILY WALKED.

You have had your family and your dignity stolen from you and in its place, is a deeply perverse set of hate messages swim before your eyes. If you can shut out the hate and the lies, you will find a profound emptiness. Your family tried to protect you.That is why you know so little of your heritage, so little of the ways of living which are not approved by the self proclaimed "master of the beasts". That is why so much of the religions, histories, and stories of the
"RED HOLOCAUST" remains a secret today.

SURVIVAL HAS FORCED SILENCE ONTO THE HEART OF
THE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE

..................................

Testimony of 1864, Major Scott Anthony First Colorado Cavalry

"There was one little child, probably three years old, just big enough to walk through the sand.

The Indians had gone ahead, and this little child was behind following after them.

The little fellow was perfectly naked, traveling on the sand.

I saw one man get off his horse, at a distance of about seventy-five yards, and draw up his rifle and fire-he missed the child.

Another man came up and said, "Let me try the son of a bitch; I can hit him!"

He got down off his horse, kneeled down and fired at the little child, but he missed him.

A third man came up and makes a similar remark and fires, and the little fellow dropped."

---Testimony, 1864, Major Scott Anthony First Colorado Cavalry, before the United States Congress, "Massacre of Cheyenne Indians" at Sand Creek, in Report on the Conduct of the War (38th Congress, 2nd Session, 1865) p. 27. http://www.iwchildren.org/redskinhate.htm

(Thanks to iwchildren.org for eye-opening truths above.)

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Rescind The Medals Of dis-Honor

An e-mail campaign has been initiated so as to force the rescindment of the twenty "medals of dis-Honor" awarded for the Massacre at Wounded Knee.

Please lend your support to help:

To: Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs,

Whereas it was stated on February 9, 1995 by Senator Daschle that he was acknowledging "...the armed struggle between the Plains Indians and the U.S. Army that culminated in the death of over 300 Lakota Sioux men, women, and children at Wounded Knee, SD, on December 29, 1890 [at Wounded Knee]."

And, whereas it was stated by Senator Tim Johnson on February 9, 1995 that it was his "...hope that enhancing a national awareness of the Wounded Knee tragedy will promote a greater understanding between Indian and non-Indian cultures and people.

And, whereas it was stated on February 2, 1993 in the Senate of the United States that "...on December 29, 1890, an incident [sic] occurred in which soldiers under Colonel Forsyth's command killed and wounded over 300 members of Chief Big Foot's [sic] band, almost all of whom were unarmed and entitled to protection of their rights to property, person and life under Federal law and that the Senate of the United States" and that the United States Senate ..."hereby expresses its commitment to acknowledge and learn from our history, including the Wounded Knee Massacre, in order to provide a proper foundation for building an ever more humane, enlightened, and just society for the future..."

And, whereas it was stated on October 25, 1990 by the One Hundred First Congress of the United States of America that..."in order to promote racial harmony and cultural understanding, the Governor of the State of South Dakota has declared that 1990 is a Year of Reconciliation between the citizens of the State of South Dakota and the member bands of the Great Sioux Nation..." and that "...it is proper and timely for the Congress of the United States of America to acknowledge...the historic significance of the Massacre at Wounded Knee Creek, [and] to express its deep regret to the Sioux [sic] people..."

And, whereas it was stated in September, 1990 during testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs by Doctor Sally Roesch Wagner that "Clearly in this enlightened time [1990], when the United States government has made compensation to the Japanese for their property which was lost during World War II, when the army is willing to look at it's mistake in Mai Lai and Panama, and when the Soviet Union publicly and with compensation, has acknowledged a massacre it committed in Poland, we can do no less than the justice to the Indians which the commanding general [Miles] demanded eighty years ago.

"During the 100th anniversary of the Massacre at Wounded Knee [1990], I would ask the United States to offer a public apology to the Sioux Nation, and to rescind the medals awarded for the massacre. I would further ask the United States government to make a public apology and to finally award the long overdue compensation [for property destroyed/stolen from the Nation at Wounded Knee] to the Wounded Knee survivors.

"As one of the treaty commissioners who negotiated with the Sioux Indians concluded: 'Our country must forever bear the disgrace and suffer the retribution of its wrong-doing. Our children's children will tell the sad story in hushed tones, and wonder how their fathers dared so to trample on justice and trifle with God.'"

We ask you to consider that the "Medal of Honor, established by Joint Resolution of Congress, July 12, 1862 (amended by Acts of Congress, July 9, 1918 and July 25, 1963), is awarded in the name of Congress to a person who, while a member of the Armed Forces, distinguishes himself or herself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against any enemy of the United States; while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. The deed performed must have been one of personal bravery or self-sacrifice so conspicuous as to clearly distinguish the individual above his or her comrades and must have involved risk of life. Incontestable proof of the performance of service is required, and each recommendation for award of this decoration is considered on the standard of extraordinary merit."

In light of the above, we, the undersigned, call for the immediate rescindment of the twenty Medals of dis-Honor awarded for actions contributing to the Massacre at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. Your immediate attention to this will be appreciated.

---

By providing the requested data in the input form noted below, your name will be added to a list and forwarded to those who may intiate the rescindment action:

Rescind the medals of dis-Honor
To Help, click following website link to return to originating article:http://www.dickshovel.com/RescindMedals.html

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Lakotah

Political and Diplomatic Relations with the United States of America

The first official contacts between Lakotah and the government of the United States of America began in earnest after the United States conducted a commercial transaction with France, commonly known as the Louisiana Purchase, in1803. Prior to that time, Lakotah exercised complete and unfettered freedom and independence in their territory.

According to the fantasy of United States’ history, the Louisiana Purchase was a purported sale by France to the United States of 530 million acres (2.1 million sq.km.) for $15 million. Part of this sale included the territory of Lakotah who, of course never had knowledge of, nor gave consent to, the sale of their national territory.

The first treaty between the U.S. and any segment of Lakotah occurred in 1805, , and various other treaties of “peace and friendship,” between Lakotah and the U.S. As citizens of the U.S. began to invade and encroach on the territory of Lakotah in increasing numbers, tensions and violence erupted. To prevent full-scale war, the Fort Laramie Treatyof 1851 was requested by the U.S., to allow a transportation route through Lakotah territory. The treaty did not impair the sovereignty or the independence of Lakotah. In fact, the treaty expressly recognized Lakotah as an independent nation, and the treaty respected “all national business” of Lakotah.

After repeated violations by the United States of the 1851 Treaty, warfare broke out between Lakotah and the U.S.

Lakotah defeated the U.S. in the so-called “Red Cloud War,” leading to the U.S. to call for another treaty conference at Fort Laramie. The second treaty agreed for the U.S. to abandon the Bozeman Road, and the accompanying military forts that had been built along it, and promised to keep U.S. troops and settlers out of Lakotah territory.

Almost immediately, the U.S. began violating terms of the treaty, allowing railroad and mining interests to trespass and steal Lakotah resources and territory. In 1874, the infamous U.S. military commander, George Custer, led an invasion of the most sacred part of Lakotah territory, the Paha Sapa (Black Hills), prompting an invasion of gold seekers, and provoking another war between the U.S. and Lakotah. As a result of the war, Lakotah territory was illegally occupied by the U.S., and billions of dollars of natural resources have been stolen from the occupied territories of Lakotah.

The United States has engaged in multiple military, legal and political strategies for more than a century to deny Lakotah our right to freedom and self-determination. In 1876-77, in violations of the treaties that it had signed with

Lakotah, the U.S. engaged in a sell-or-starve policy to coerce Lakotah to sell our national homeland. Lakotah refused, and has consistently refused to the present time.

In 1871, the U.S. decided no longer to enter into treaties with indigenous nations, but the U.S. treaty-ending legislation made explicit that the new policy of the United States would in no way impair or limit those treaties already in force between indigenous nations and the U.S. Lakotah have consistently relied on the sanctity of the treaty between the U.S. and Lakotah.

As mentioned above, the United States has consistently violated the treaties between Lakotah and the U.S., resulting in the loss of life, resources, and territory for Lakotah. Although the United States was willing to take the benefit of its bargain (i.e., territory and natural resources) in signing treaties with Lakotah, it was almost immediately unwilling to respect the mutual bargain to the Lakotah. The U.S. began to use U.S. law and policy to attempt to diminish the political, economic and cultural freedom of Lakotah.

After signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, the U.S. allowed its military, and its civilian citizens to invade Lakotah territory to steal gold, silver and other natural resources. The U.S. unilaterally violated the 1868 Treaty throughout the 1870s and 1880s by coercing alterations in the Treaty onto Lakotah, without the required 2/3 agreement of Lakotah, as required in the Treaty.

Although the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the ongoing freedom and independence of Lakotah in the landmark case of Ex Parte Crow Dog (1883), two years later, the U.S. Congress attempted to steal Lakotah independence through the passage of the Major Crimes Act, that unilaterally extended U.S. criminal jurisdiction into Lakotah territory.

These actions were followed by more arrogant actions of the United States, culminating in the shocking Supreme Court Case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903). Although Lone Wolf involved the Kiowa and Comanche Nations in what is now the State of Oklahoma, its impact adversely affected Lakotah. In Lone Wolf, the United States not only said that it could violate, change or abrogate treaties with Indian nations unilaterally, but it also said that the U.S.

Congress possesses plenary (absolute) power to legislate in any way in indigenous affairs without the consent or consideration of indigenous nations.

By extension, Lone Wolf has been used to violate hundreds of treaties between the U.S. and indigenous peoples, including Lakotah. Through the operation of Lone Wolf, the U.S. stole the sacred Black Hills, allowed the mining of billions of dollars of gold from them, admitted that the Black Hills were taken in violation of the 1868 Fort Laramie

Treaty, and then offered to compensate Lakotah at 1874 land values. Lakotah have, to this day, rejected the offer of payment, and continue to insist on the return of the Paha Sapa (Black Hills)

An overview of violations follows:

· Homestead Acts

· Allotment Acts

· Citizenship Act forcing United States citizenship upon all American Indians

· Indian Reorganization Act a.k.a. Howard Wheeler Act (the first Apartheid Act)

· Forced relocation during the decades of the 1950’s over the 1960’s.

· Supreme Court decision disallowing our religions.

· Even though we are citizens of the United States of America, we are denied protections of the United States

Constitution while living on Indian reservations, etcetera, etcetera, etcetera.

The operation of the United States in the nefarious ways outlined above are a violation, not only of the sovereignty and independence of Lakotah, not only of the solemn treaty signed between the U.S. and Lakotah, but it

is a violation of the fundamental law of the United States itself Article Six of the United States Constitution explicitly states that treaties signed by the United States are the supreme law of the land, and must be respected by every court and by every lawmaker, as such.

For the complete article and more information go to: http://www.republicoflakotah.com/

Referenced Documents

1. Treaties of Fort Laramie, 1851 and 1868

Full text of these treaties can be found at http://www.republicoflakotah.com/portfolio.html

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